of | |
after | |
to become deaf | |
behind | |
back | |
the following | |
narrow | |
fright | |
anguish | |
hardly | |
hard | |
mind | |
spirit | |
eight | |
eighty | |
river | |
to have | |
we have | |
I have | |
= áigan | |
to beg for | |
property | |
horse | |
alone | |
eleven | |
one | |
(+ ni) no one | |
soon | |
to be a messenger | |
earth | |
earthly | |
messenger | |
astray | |
to revere | |
mother | |
oath | |
or | |
eternal | |
time | |
but | |
fruit | |
field | |
to grow | |
temple | |
except | |
elsewhere | |
elsewhere | |
other | |
all | |
old | |
onto | |
on | |
command | |
(+acc) to call on | |
hidden | |
to be silent | |
visible | |
to comfort | |
along | |
answer | |
pleasant | |
adversary | |
service | |
end | |
to answer | |
either (used with aíththáu) | |
gracious | |
favor | |
other | |
work | |
heritage | |
heir | |
heir | |
heiress | |
to plough/plow | |
to pity | |
arm | |
poor | |
harvest | |
ass | |
she-ass | |
servant | |
branch | |
at | |
to go | |
but | |
to call | |
father | |
to touch | |
blessed | |
to show | |
but also | |
to add | |
jug | |
garden | |
wilderness | |
desert | |
to thank | |
cinder | |
bed | |
tree | |
to bear | |
to hide | |
brightness | |
bright | |
bitterly | |
bitterness | |
bitter | |
bag | |
boldness | |
to torment | |
prisoner | |
sign | |
bosom | |
child | |
childish | |
to dwell | |
son | |
citizen | |
city | |
to await | |
by | |
to become larger | |
request | |
to ask | |
to find | |
to remain | |
it is permitted | |
neighbor | |
to offer | |
mercy | |
blind | |
flower | |
blood | |
to rub | |
(sing) letter of the alphabet; (pl) book | |
scribe | |
advantage | |
to bring | |
to break | |
to burn | |
fever | |
brother | |
to use | |
useful | |
breastplate | |
well | |
breast | |
bridegroom | |
to buy | |
day | |
to deal out | |
portion | |
down | |
below | |
it is good for | |
daughter | |
baptism | |
door | |
to put to death | |
death | |
deed | |
deep | |
wild beast | |
to die | |
to judge (+ optional double accusative) | |
to drive | |
to drive | |
to drink | |
slope | |
fall | |
to | |
to begin | |
feast (recurring) | |
to be foolish | |
foolish | |
that | |
iron | |
father | |
family | |
to rejoice | |
beautiful | |
to seize | |
joy | |
cattle | |
mountain | |
world | |
old | |
from afar | |
to fold | |
traffic | |
to fare | |
to fast | |
fasting | |
for | |
before | |
before | |
steward | |
ruler | |
to fear | |
small | |
region | |
four | |
forty | |
fourteen | |
to hate | |
enemy | |
hatred | |
to hide | |
great | |
five | |
fifty | |
fifteen | |
to find | |
fisher | |
to fish | |
fish | |
to feed | |
fire | |
foot | |
to sell | |
to ask | |
to tempt | |
temptation | |
seed | |
to despise | |
to lose | |
to perish | |
loss | |
from | |
to expend | |
to perish | |
understanding | |
to understand | |
master | |
to be lord or king | |
free | |
love | |
to love | |
friend | |
friend | |
understanding | |
wise | |
the former | |
bird | |
hidden | |
perfect | |
to fill | |
to become full | |
fullness | |
full | |
to profit | |
birth | |
to bind | |
to dare | |
to die | |
well-behaved | |
to gain | |
to go | |
to cleanse | |
thought | |
want | |
to be fain or willing | |
companion | |
parable | |
to recognize | |
test | |
faith | |
to believe | |
to liken | |
like | |
cross | |
common | |
to find room | |
to meet | |
rememberance | |
enough | |
to be made alive | |
assembly | |
righteous | |
yard | |
consultation | |
marketplace | |
companion | |
creation | |
to possess | |
guest | |
to tear to pieces | |
to tame | |
a tear | |
destruction | |
to suffer want | |
to become dry | |
to cherish | |
building | |
street | |
to perceive | |
to lament | |
sad | |
peace | |
to awake | |
to make | |
fellow worker | |
to visit | |
region | |
willing | |
gift | |
to give | |
tomorrow | |
to greet | |
good | |
ditch | |
grass | |
hungry | |
to weep | |
den | |
preist | |
gold | |
golden | |
man | |
Gothic language | |
to have | |
to hang | |
to strive | |
fight | |
to heal | |
whole | |
village | |
shepherd | |
heart | |
sword | |
to call | |
field | |
order | |
half | |
to hold | |
hell | |
rooster | |
clever | |
hand | |
hard | |
army | |
to hate | |
to be angry | |
head | |
door | |
horn | |
horn-blower | |
to hear | |
hay | |
to praise | |
here | |
chamber | |
hither | |
to help | |
heaven | |
behind | |
behind | |
this (acc. hina | |
crowd | |
loaf | |
grave | |
thief | |
hearing | |
pure | |
soft | |
to treat with violence | |
clean | |
to hunger (impers. +acc of person) | |
hunger | |
gracious | |
dog | |
hip | |
treasure | |
whether (clitic) | |
whither | |
wheat | |
how | |
(interr) when? | |
where | |
to go about | |
who | |
(indefinite) each | |
who | |
(indefinite | |
which of two | |
each of two | |
whence | |
(indef) each | |
(interr) with what | |
time | |
white | |
(interr) how great | |
what sort of | |
to boast | |
lest | |
evenness | |
even | |
(preterite of gaggan) I went | |
to repent | |
(poss) of you two | |
I | |
I who... (relative) | |
I am | |
in | |
on account of | |
in | |
within | |
within | |
from within | |
without | |
he | |
thou art | |
is | |
it | |
to eat | |
but | |
upwards | |
above | |
(rel) who | |
(poss) your | |
yea | |
if | |
and | |
= ja | |
= jáind | |
yonder | |
thither | |
that | |
and if | |
year | |
already | |
young | |
yoke | |
ye | |
ye two | |
ye two who (relative) | |
already | |
ye who (relative) | |
calf | |
cold | |
care | |
prison | |
to care for | |
to buffet | |
to traffic | |
grain | |
heavy | |
womb | |
cheek | |
to choose | |
knee | |
to kiss | |
to know (+ optional double accusative) | |
knowledge | |
known | |
proof | |
long | |
to lay | |
remnant | |
I know | |
teacher | |
doctrine | |
to teach (+acc of person taught and +acc of thing taught) | |
to follow | |
footprint | |
lamb | |
weak | |
to invite | |
slothful | |
leaf | |
pay | |
empty | |
to lend | |
body | |
to please | |
to go | |
strong drink | |
little | |
physician | |
to let | |
occasion | |
to live | |
to lie | |
bed | |
craftiness | |
limb | |
to grow | |
dear | |
to marry | |
hypocrite | |
face | |
air | |
to shut | |
candlestick | |
to desire | |
desire | |
maid | |
little boy | |
boy | |
mighty | |
possible | |
to cut | |
gift | |
sand | |
multitude | |
much | |
mankind | |
(with ni) no one | |
ready | |
sea | |
to eat | |
meat | |
morning | |
to mourn | |
murder | |
maiden | |
young maiden | |
my | |
to write | |
moon | |
month | |
proclaimer | |
middle | |
greatly | |
greatness | |
to be magnified | |
great | |
milk | |
(always with pers. pron.) reciprocally | |
measure | |
with | |
with | |
to consider | |
reward | |
angry | |
custom | |
toll-taker | |
dust | |
to consider | |
thought | |
night | |
to name | |
salvation | |
to save | |
net | |
to make wet | |
corpse | |
need | |
nay | |
nigh to | |
neighbor | |
needle | |
not | |
unless | |
rust | |
and not | |
to take | |
= ni ist | |
kinsman | |
cousin | |
new | |
nine | |
ninety | |
to enjoy | |
stern of a ship | |
now | |
fisher | |
to fear | |
gentle | |
wife | |
to come | |
woman | |
saying | |
to say | |
alive | |
advent | |
counsellor | |
right | |
to raise | |
mile | |
number | |
language | |
house | |
rule | |
to rule | |
ruler | |
to tremble | |
darkness | |
dark | |
to speak | |
secret | |
this | |
(relative) who | |
song | |
that | |
to sow | |
six | |
sixty | |
to see | |
soul | |
sea | |
strife | |
sackcloth | |
to anoint | |
salt | |
same | |
to the same place | |
full | |
to set | |
sickness | |
sorrow | |
to sorrow | |
sacrifice | |
his | |
late | |
good | |
she | |
seven | |
seventy | |
to practice | |
custom | |
to rejoice | |
to sing | |
victory (irregular spelling probably a typo for a sm. *sigus | |
oneself | |
self | |
wonderful | |
silver | |
once | |
old | |
always | |
daily | |
pupil | |
to sit | |
seat | |
to sew | |
to be sick | |
sick | |
sight | |
shade | |
to divide | |
I shall | |
servant | |
(+ sik) to be ashamed | |
to shape | |
beautiful | |
to shine | |
clear | |
shield | |
ship | |
mirror | |
debtor | |
to owe | |
owing | |
slaughter | |
to be silent | |
to sleep | |
fig | |
small | |
garment | |
snow | |
wise | |
the (f.) | |
that | |
to seek | |
search | |
sparrow | |
stadium | |
to narrate | |
quickly | |
stone | |
star | |
to stand | |
place | |
judgement | |
judge | |
voice | |
to judge | |
to strew | |
stroke | |
(indefinite) someone | |
truth | |
truly | |
true | |
to justify | |
as soon as | |
son | |
sweet | |
so that | |
father in law | |
mother in law | |
so great | |
such | |
black | |
just like | |
like | |
to cease | |
to honor | |
honored | |
piper | |
to pipe | |
manifest | |
strong | |
sister | |
to sigh | |
hair | |
tear | |
ten | |
hundred | |
hundred | |
token | |
teacher | |
deed | |
to do | |
to touch | |
whither | |
to think | |
to be silent | |
clay | |
through | |
but | |
if | |
therefore | |
there | |
(relative) where | |
that | |
that | |
that | |
to need | |
need | |
thorn | |
dry | |
to thrive | |
thunder | |
thy | |
theft | |
people | |
kingdom | |
king | |
kingdom | |
servant | |
maidservant | |
soft | |
flight | |
to flee | |
to run | |
locust | |
three | |
thirty | |
for the third time | |
thou | |
to seem | |
thousand | |
to wash | |
-ty (suffix for decades 20-60) | |
fit | |
carpenter | |
to build | |
to lead | |
to trust | |
tree | |
tongue | |
firm | |
tooth | |
of two | |
two | |
twenty | |
twelve years old | |
twelve | |
(interrogative particle | |
evil | |
evil-doing | |
under | |
over | |
superscription | |
to forget | |
above | |
to submit | |
to perceive | |
of us two | |
(enclitic) but | |
early morn | |
fearless | |
unto | |
for | |
under | |
under | |
unknown | |
our | |
lawless | |
until | |
unlearned | |
out | |
to be aghast | |
(+acc) to choose out | |
to become unlocked | |
outside | |
= ûtathro | |
from without | |
wall | |
pledge | |
watch | |
to blow | |
thing | |
I wish | |
man | |
to throw | |
to become | |
worthy | |
to wake | |
power | |
to choose | |
belly | |
to turn | |
lacking | |
guard | |
to forbid | |
to clothe | |
clothing | |
word | |
to work | |
serpent | |
work | |
root | |
priest | |
to fight | |
holy | |
wine | |
we | |
witness | |
we who (relative) | |
to hope | |
hope | |
way | |
will | |
be willing | |
wild | |
wind | |
winter | |
years old | |
to be | |
we two | |
to know | |
to watch | |
we two who (relative) | |
against | |
contrariwise | |
opposite | |
lamb | |
accusation | |
wolf | |
glory | |
wound |
Now is a good time to revisit the four principle parts of strong verbs. Repeating these sets of conjugation keys is an effective way to cement the verb classes into memory.
First, the same table from 7.5 with the seven classes and their variations:
Class I | drive, drove, driven | |
---|---|---|
Class II | choose, chose, chosen | |
Class II | lock (weak verb in English) | |
Class III | drink, drank, drunk | |
Class IV (i) | break, broke, broken | |
Class IV (aí) | bear, bore, borne | |
Class V (i) | give, gave, given | |
Class V (aí) | see, saw, seen | |
Class VI | wake, woke, woken | |
Class VIIa (a) | hold (no English equivalent on conjugation) | |
Class VIIa (ái) | sever (related to English shed) | |
Class VIIa (e) | sleep (no English equivalent on conjugation) | |
Class VIIa (áu) | add (related to the aug- in augment) | |
Class VIIa (o) | boast (no English equivalent) | |
Class VIIb (ái) | sow (no English equivalent on conjugation) | |
Class VIIb (e) | let (no English equivalent on conjugation) |
Now, memorization practice:
Class I: | |||
Infinitive | Preterite Singular | Preterite Plural | Past Participle |
---|---|---|---|
Class II: | |||
Infinitive | Preterite Singular | Preterite Plural | Past Participle |
---|---|---|---|
Class III: | |||
Infinitive | Preterite Singular | Preterite Plural | Past Participle |
---|---|---|---|
Class IV | |||
Infinitive | Preterite Singular | Preterite Plural | Past Participle |
---|---|---|---|
Class V | |||
Infinitive | Preterite Singular | Preterite Plural | Past Participle |
---|---|---|---|
Class VI | |||
Infinitive | Preterite Singular | Preterite Plural | Past Participle |
---|---|---|---|
(Verbs with present stem in
Class VII | |||
Infinitive | Preterite Singular | Preterite Plural | Past Participle |
---|---|---|---|
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