AVIAN

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10001	t1	VSPLIT		Receptor,Rod,Cone
10002	t1	RCPMODE		Rod,1
10003	t1	TSPLIT		Cone,LWS cone,SWS cone
10004	t1	OPSIN		LWS cone,530
10005	t1	TSPLIT		SWS cone,MWS cone,SWS1 cone
10006	t1	OPSIN		SWS1 cone,380
10008	t1	TSPLIT		MWS cone,Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone
10009	t1	OPSIN		SWS2 cone,440
106382	t1	DSCOPP		643,SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,Rod
106383	t1	DISCOPP		10003,Rh2 cone
106384	t1	CONNOPP		10003,+,Rh2 cone
106385	t1	DSCOPP		10005,Rh2 cone
106386	t1	CONNOPP		10008,+,LWS cone
106387	t1	DSCOPP		10008,SWS2 cone
106388	t1	DISCOPP		10008,Rh2 cone
106389	t1	CONNOPP		10008,-,Rh2 cone
106412	t1	NAMEOPP		643,Luminance (photopic)
106413	t1	NAMEOPP		10001,Luminance (scotopic)
106416	t1	DELOPP		106390
106418	t1	CONNdhgOPP	10003,+,LWS cone
106438	t1	NAMEOPP		10003,Yellow-Blue
106439	t1	NAMEOPP		10005,Blue-UV
106440	t1	NAMEOPP		10008,Red-Green
1335409	t1	RCPACU		Cone,2
1335410	t1	RCPACU		Rod,.5
10007	t478	RCPNAME		Rod-like,Rod
106626	t478	GRADLVL		50
1335402	t478	RCPACU		LWS cone,Rh2 cone,5
1335403	t478	RCPACU		SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,1
1361559	t478	RCPACU		Rod,2
1561559	t478	RCPACU		Rod,2
106390	t159	VSPLIT		LWS cone,LWS cone,Double cone
106391	t159	SCRPIG		Double cone,408,445,150,2
106392	t159	DSCOPP		643,LWS cone,Rh2 cone
106393	t159	DSCOPP		10003,Double cone
106394	t159	DSCOPP		10008,Double cone
106630	t159	DISCOPP		10003,SWS1 cone
106673	t159	DELOPP		Luminance (photopic)2
106684	t159	DELOPP		106390Luminance (photopic)2
106685	t159	CONNOPP		10003,+,LWS cone
106373	t402	OPSIN		LWS cone,Double cone,565
106374	t402	PORPH		Double cone,LWS cone,Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,Rod,0
106375	t402	SCRPIG		LWS cone,530,600,270,5
106376	t402	OPSIN		Rh2 cone,505
106377	t402	OPSIN		SWS2 cone,440
106378	t402	OPSIN		SWS1 cone,360
106379	t402	SCRPIG		Rh2 cone,475,535,200,3
106380	t402	SCRPIG		SWS2 cone,408,440,100,1
106381	t402	NOSCRPIG	SWS1 cone
106395	t6	NOSCRPIG	LWS cone,Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone
106397	t6	CONNOPP		643,+,LWS cone,Rh2 cone
106415	t6	OPSIN		Double cone,0
106417	t6	NAMEOPP		10003,Yellow-Blue
106419	t6	DELOPP		10005
106425	t6	CONNOPPM	10003,-,Rod
106551	t6	CONNOPPM	643,Rod
106631	t6	CONNOPP		10003,-,SWS1 cone
106643	t6	PORPH		Double cone,LWS cone,Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,Rod,0
106644	t6	PORPH		*,0
106396	t99	OPSIN		Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone,Double cone,0
106398	t99	OPSIN		SWS1 cone,420
106399	t99	RCPNAME		LWS cone,Yellow cone
106402	t99	RCPNAME		SWS1 cone,Blue cone
106411	t99	CRE8OPP		Cones-Rods,+Yellow cone,-Rod
106422	t99	RCPDENS		Yellow cone,1.75
106423	t99	RCPDENS		Blue cone,1.9
106666	t99	RCPDENS		Rod,1.85
1351563	t99	ACUITY		4
1351547	t109	ACUITY		6.5
1351572	t109	ACUITY		6
2120	s382	OPSIN		Rod,501
2121	s382	OPSIN		Yellow cone,553
2122	s382	OPSIN		Blue cone,441

Notes and References:

Levenson, D H, Ponganis, P J, Crognale, M A, Deegan, J F, Dizon, A, Jacobs, G H. (2006) Visual pigments of marine carnivores: pinnipeds, polar bear, and sea otter. Journal of Comparative Physiology A-Neuroethology Sensory Neural and Behavioral Physiology, 192(8) 833-843

Warrant E.J., Nilsson D.-E. (1998) Absorption of White Light in Photoreceptors. Vision Res., Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 195-207. PII: S0042-6989(97)00151-X

Stavenga D., Smits R.P., Hoenders B.J. (1993) Simple Exponential Functions Describing the Absorbance Bands of Visual Pigment Spectra. Vision Res. 33(8) pp. 1011-1017. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90237-Q

Note: Many species may have gaps in available data, which may be filled in with extrapolations from closely related species. The AVIAN website is copyright © 2011-2024 J. Gagnon. All rights reserved unless otherwise specified.

Receptor	Opsin λmax	Filter λmax	Filter λ50%	Recep. λmax
Yellow cone	553nm			553nm
Rod	501nm			501nm
Blue cone	441nm			446nm

Description	(+) Terminus	(-) Terminus	Mode
Luminance (photopic)	Yellow cone		Photopic
Luminance (scotopic)	Rod		Scotopic
Lime-Blue 562nm - 502nm - 443nm	Yellow cone	Blue cone (Rod)	Photopic
Cones-Rods 591nm - 536nm - 478nm	Yellow cone	Rod	Mesopic

Animal Vision Interactive Analyzer

Polar bear (Ursus maritimus)

Notes and References: