Human tetrachromat (Homo sapiens)

Containing taxa: Animalia » Chordata » Osteichthyes » Sarcopterygii » Tetrapoda » Mammalia » Eutheria » Euarchontoglires » Primates » Catarrhini » Hominidae

Photoreceptors:
Receptor Opsin λmax Filter λmax Filter λ50% Recep. λmax
Red1 cone565nm454,450,480nm511,480,505nm580nm
Red2 cone 454,450,480nm511,480,505nm568nm
Green cone534nm454,450,480nm511,480,505nm553nm
Rod500nm  521nm
Blue cone420nm  448nm


Opponent processes:
Description (+) Terminus (-) Terminus Mode
Luminance (photopic)
Green cone
Red2 cone
  Photopic
Luminance (scotopic)
Rod   Scotopic
Red1-Green
625nm - 577nm - 528nm
 
Red1 cone Green cone Photopic
Red2-Green
618nm - 571nm - 524nm
 
Red2 cone Green cone Photopic
Yellοw-Blue
562nm - 503nm - 447nm
 
Green cone
Red2 cone
Blue cone
(Rod)
Photopic
Cones-Rods
594nm - 544nm - 494nm
 
Green cone
Red2 cone
Rod Mesopic

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Notes and References:

Jordan G., Deeb S.S., Bosten J.M., Mollon J.D. (2010) The dimensionality of color vision in carriers of anomalous trichromacy. Journal of Vision 10(8):12, 1-19. doi:10.1167/10.8.12

Neitz J., Neitz M., Jacobs G.H. (1993) More than three different cone pigments among people with normal color vision. Vision Research 33(1) January 1993, Pages 117-122

Yokoyama, S. & Radlwimmer, F. B. (1998) The "Five-Sites" Rule and the Evolution of Red and Green Color Vision in Mammals. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15(5):560-567. ISSN: 0737-4038

Pokorny, J. & Cao, D. (2010) ROD AND CONE CONTRIBUTIONS TO MESOPIC VISION. Proceedings of CIE 2010 "Lighting Quality and Energy Efficiency"

Sperling H.G. & Harwerth R.S. (1971) Red-Green Cone Interactions in the Increment-Threshold Spectral Sensitivity of Primates. Science, New Series, 172(3979) (Apr. 9, 1971), pp. 180-184

Pridmore R.W. (1991) Theory of primary colors and invariant hues. Color Research & Application 16(2) pp. 122-129

Dkhissi-Benyahya O., Rieux C., Hut R.A., Cooper H.M. (2006) Immunohistochemical Evidence of a Melanopsin Cone in Human Retina. IOVS, April 2006, Vol. 47, No. 4 1636-41

Bailes H. J., Lucas R. J. (2013) Human melanopsin forms a pigment maximally sensitive to blue light (λmax ≈ 479 nm) supporting activation of Gq/11 and Gi/o signalling cascades Proc R Soc B 280: 20122987. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2987

Lessios N. (2017) Using electroretinograms and multi-model inference to identify spectral classes of photoreceptors and relative opsin expression levels. PeerJ 5:e3595. doi:10.7717/peerj.3595

Warrant E.J., Nilsson D.-E. (1998) Absorption of White Light in Photoreceptors. Vision Res., Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 195-207. PII: S0042-6989(97)00151-X

Stavenga D., Smits R.P., Hoenders B.J. (1993) Simple Exponential Functions Describing the Absorbance Bands of Visual Pigment Spectra. Vision Res. 33(8) pp. 1011-1017. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90237-Q



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