<!-- VSPLIT cloning Green receptor - UV receptor... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -UV from Green receptor - UV receptor2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Luminance... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +G receptor from Luminance2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Green-UV... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +G receptor from Green-UV2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Yellow-Blue... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +G receptor from Yellow-Blue2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Luminance... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +SG receptor from Luminance2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Green-UV... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +SG receptor from Green-UV2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Yellow-Blue... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +SG receptor from Yellow-Blue2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Yellow-Blue... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -B receptor from Yellow-Blue2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Yellow-Blue2... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -B receptor from Yellow-Blue22 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Yellow-Blue2... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -B receptor from Yellow-Blue22 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Yellow-Blue... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -WB receptor from Yellow-Blue2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Yellow-Blue2... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -WB receptor from Yellow-Blue22 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Yellow-Blue2... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -WB receptor from Yellow-Blue22 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Green-UV... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -UV receptor from Green-UV2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Green-UV2... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -UV receptor from Green-UV22 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Green-UV2... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -UV receptor from Green-UV22 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- DELOPP Luminance2 -->
<!-- Connecting +BB receptor to Luminance -->
<!-- Connecting +BB receptor to Green-UV2 -->
<!-- Connecting +BB receptor to Yellow-Blue2 -->
<!-- Connecting -DG receptor to Yellow-Blue2 -->
<!-- Connecting -DG receptor to Yellow-Blue22 -->
<!-- Connecting -DG receptor to Yellow-Blue22 -->
<!-- Connecting +DG receptor to Green-UV2 -->
<!-- Connecting +DG receptor to Yellow-Blue2 -->
<!-- Connecting -NB receptor to Green-UV2 -->
<!-- Connecting -NB receptor to Yellow-Blue2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Yellow-Blue2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Yellow-Blue22 -->
<!-- DELOPP Yellow-Blue22 -->
<!-- DELOPP Green-UV2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Yellow-Blue2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Luminance -->
<!-- DELOPP Green-UV2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Yellow-Blue2 -->
<!-- DELOPP R-DG -->
<!-- DELOPP R-DG -->
<!-- DELOPP R-DG -->
<!-- DELOPP Green-UV2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Green-UV22 -->
<!-- DELOPP Green-UV22 -->
<!-- UV receptor acuity times 0.40909091795772 is now 8.1818181818182. -->
<!-- SG receptor acuity times 0.40909091795772 is now 8.1818181818182. -->
<!-- WB receptor acuity times 0.40909091795772 is now 8.1818181818182. -->
<!-- R receptor acuity times 0.40909091795772 is now 8.1818181818182. -->
<!-- DG receptor acuity times 0.40909091795772 is now 8.1818181818182. -->
<!-- NB receptor acuity times 0.40909091795772 is now 8.1818181818182. -->
<!-- BB receptor acuity times 0.40909091795772 is now 8.1818181818182. -->
<!-- V receptor acuity times 0.40909091795772 is now 8.1818181818182. -->
<!-- Luminance (643) has +SG receptor -->
<!-- oppoacup 8.1818181818182 from SG receptor -->
<!-- Luminance: Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- Luminance mode = 0 -->
<!-- Luminance acuity is 8.1818181818182 based on +8.1818181818182, -0 -->
<!-- Green-UV (106404) has +SG receptor -->
<!-- oppoacup 8.1818181818182 from SG receptor -->
<!-- Green-UV (106404) has -UV receptor -->
<!-- oppoacum 8.1818181818182 from UV receptor -->
<!-- Green-UV: Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- Green-UV mode = 0 -->
<!-- Green-UV acuity is 8.1818181818182 based on +8.1818181818182, -8.1818181818182 -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue (106406) has +SG receptor -->
<!-- oppoacup 8.1818181818182 from SG receptor -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue (106406) has -WB receptor -->
<!-- oppoacum 8.1818181818182 from WB receptor -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue: Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue mode = 0 -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue acuity is 8.1818181818182 based on +8.1818181818182, -8.1818181818182 -->
<!-- Luminance (1335161) has +DG receptor -->
<!-- oppoacup 8.1818181818182 from DG receptor -->
<!-- Luminance (1335161) has +BB receptor -->
<!-- Luminance: Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- Luminance mode = 0 -->
<!-- Luminance acuity is 8.1818181818182 based on +8.1818181818182, -0 -->
<!-- R-DG (1335162) has +R receptor -->
<!-- oppoacup 8.1818181818182 from R receptor -->
<!-- R-DG (1335162) has -DG receptor -->
<!-- oppoacum 8.1818181818182 from DG receptor -->
<!-- R-DG: Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- R-DG mode = 0 -->
<!-- R-DG acuity is 8.1818181818182 based on +8.1818181818182, -8.1818181818182 -->
<!-- R+DG-NB+WB (1335163) has +R receptor -->
<!-- oppoacup 8.1818181818182 from R receptor -->
<!-- R+DG-NB+WB (1335163) has +DG receptor -->
<!-- R+DG-NB+WB (1335163) has -WB receptor -->
<!-- oppoacum 8.1818181818182 from WB receptor -->
<!-- R+DG-NB+WB (1335163) has -NB receptor -->
<!-- R+DG-NB+WB: Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- R+DG-NB+WB mode = 0 -->
<!-- R+DG-NB+WB acuity is 8.1818181818182 based on +8.1818181818182, -8.1818181818182 -->
<!-- RDG-UV (1335164) has +SG receptor -->
<!-- oppoacup 8.1818181818182 from SG receptor -->
<!-- RDG-UV (1335164) has +R receptor -->
<!-- RDG-UV (1335164) has +DG receptor -->
<!-- RDG-UV (1335164) has +BB receptor -->
<!-- RDG-UV (1335164) has -UV receptor -->
<!-- oppoacum 8.1818181818182 from UV receptor -->
<!-- RDG-UV (1335164) has -V receptor -->
<!-- RDG-UV: Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- RDG-UV mode = 0 -->
<!-- RDG-UV acuity is 8.1818181818182 based on +8.1818181818182, -8.1818181818182 -->
<!-- Opp Luminance pl/ml ranges: 504, 0 -->
<!-- Opp Green-UV pl/ml ranges: 514, 348 -->
<!-- Opp Yellow-Blue pl/ml ranges: 540, 404 -->
<!-- Opp Luminance pl/ml ranges: 517, 0 -->
<!-- Opp R-DG pl/ml ranges: 630, 442 -->
<!-- Opp R+DG-NB+WB pl/ml ranges: 574, 438 -->
<!-- Opp RDG-UV pl/ml ranges: 531, 363 -->
<!-- unset Luminance: p_lmax, m_lmax, medzero duplicate of Luminance -->
<!-- green at 514 nm. -->
<!-- uv at 348 nm. -->
<!-- yellow at 540 nm. -->
<!-- blue at 404 nm. -->
<!-- r at 630 nm. -->
<!-- dg at 442 nm. -->
<!-- r+dg at 574 nm. -->
<!-- nb+wb at 438 nm. -->
<!-- rdg at 531 nm. -->
<!-- uv at 363 nm. -->
<!-- Photopic1: 0 [, Green-UV, R+DG-NB+WB, R-DG, RDG-UV, ] -->
<!-- Photopic: 0 [, ] -->
<html>
<head> 
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>AVIAN - Old World swallowtail (Papilio machaon)</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style/avian.css">
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    window.location.href = url;
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<div>
<h1 id="logo">
<a href='index.php'><img align="left" src="img/logo.png"><span class="red">A</span><span class="green">V</span><span class="blue">I</span><span class="purple">A</span><span class="orange">N</span></a></h1>
<h4 id="subtitle">Animal Vision Interactive Analyzer</h4>
</div>

<div id="menu">

<ul>
	<li>Major Taxa
		<ul>
			<li><a href="index.php?node=0&id=240">Animalia</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=26&id=240">Chelicerata</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=34&id=240">Eumalacostraca</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=33&id=240">Stomatopoda</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=15&id=240">Insecta</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=18&id=240">Apoidea</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=180&id=240">Papilionoidea</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=88&id=240">Coleoptera</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=117&id=240">Mollusca</a></li>
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<li><a href="index.php?node=130&id=240">Ostariophysi</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=146&id=240">Cyprinodontiformes</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=153&id=240">Percomorpha</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=347&id=240">Perciformes</a></li>
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</ul><ul>
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<li><a href="index.php?node=109&id=240">Carnivora</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=111&id=240">Cetacea</a></li>
<li><a href="index.php?node=476&id=240">Cameras</a></li>
			
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	<li>Recents
		<ul>
			<li><a href="species.php?id=240">Old&nbsp;World&nbsp;swallowtail&nbsp;(Papilio&nbsp;machaon)</a></li>
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</div>


<span id="opfisehciet"><br><br>&nbsp;</span>

</div>

<br><br><br>
<!-- Luminance: plmax 520(504); zero 0; mlmax 0(0) -->
<!-- R-DG: plmax 583(630); zero 538; mlmax 504(442) -->
<!-- R+DG-NB+WB: plmax 565(574); zero 508; mlmax 455(438) -->
<!-- Green-UV: plmax 532(540); zero 482; mlmax 354(404) -->
<!-- RDG-UV: plmax 548(531); zero 414; mlmax 373(363) -->
<!-- Green-UV: plmax 520(514); zero 405; mlmax 349(348) -->
<div id="specieshdr">
<h3>Old World swallowtail (<i>Papilio machaon</i>)</h3>

<p><!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '180' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '94' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '16' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '15' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '25' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '14' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '0' -->
Containing taxa: <a href="index.php?node=0">Animalia</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=14">Arthropoda</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=25">Pancrustacea</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=15">Insecta</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=16">Endopterygota</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=94">Lepidoptera</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=180">Papilionoidea</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=162">Papilionidae</a></p>


</div>

<div id="opsinopp">
<div id="opsins">
Photoreceptors:
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="503">
    <tr class="tblheader">
        <td width=40%>Receptor</td>
        <td width=20%>Opsin&nbsp;&lambda;max</td>
        <td width=20%>Filter&nbsp;&lambda;max</td>
        <td width=20%>Filter&nbsp;&lambda;50%</td>
        <td width=20%>Recep.&nbsp;&lambda;max</td>
    </tr>
<tr><td nowrap>R receptor</td><td>560nm</td><td>450nm</td><td>546nm</td><td>574nm</td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap>DG receptor</td><td>520,360nm</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>520nm</td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap>SG receptor</td><td>520nm</td><td>340nm</td><td>390nm</td><td>520nm</td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap>BB receptor</td><td>460,520,560nm</td><td>340nm</td><td>390nm</td><td>477nm</td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap>NB receptor</td><td>460nm</td><td>340nm</td><td>390nm</td><td>460nm</td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap>WB receptor</td><td>460,360nm</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>460nm</td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap>V receptor</td><td>350nm</td><td>340nm</td><td>366nm</td><td>375nm</td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap>UV receptor</td><td>350nm</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>349nm</td></tr>
</table>

<!-- acria dau gulbio dau clusso clusso clusso clusso clusso clusso clusso clusso clusso -->
</div>

<br><br>

<div id="opponents">
Opponent processes:
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="503">
    <tr class="tblheader">
        <td width=40%>Description</td>
        <td width=25%>(+) Terminus</td>
        <td width=25%>(-) Terminus</td>
        <td width=10%>Mode</td>
    </tr>
<tr>
            <td valign=top>Luminance<br>
			            <!-- : 1.1635905943098 - 1 -->
            </td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #ffffff;">SG receptor</td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #000000;">&nbsp;</td>
            <td>Photopic</td>
          </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign=top>R-DG<br>
			583nm - 538nm - 504nm<br>&nbsp;            <!-- : 1.0337599603665 - 1.6652267941955 -->
            </td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #ff009e;">R receptor</td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #00ff16;">DG receptor</td>
            <td>Photopic</td>
          </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign=top>R+DG-NB+WB<br>
			565nm - 508nm - 455nm<br>&nbsp;            <!-- : 1.3106729905761 - 1.3212510915798 -->
            </td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #ff000f;">R receptor<br>DG receptor</td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #00ffdd;">WB receptor<br>NB receptor</td>
            <td>Photopic</td>
          </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign=top>Green-UV<br>
			532nm - 482nm - 354nm<br>&nbsp;            <!-- : 1.3439301372608 - 2.3493116957851 -->
            </td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #e7ff00;">SG receptor</td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #1900ff;">WB receptor</td>
            <td>Photopic</td>
          </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign=top>RDG-UV<br>
			548nm - 414nm - 373nm<br>&nbsp;            <!-- : 1.5625805159929 - 0.51255771514251 -->
            </td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #febc00;">SG receptor<br>R receptor<br>DG receptor<br>BB receptor</td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #003afe;">UV receptor<br>V receptor</td>
            <td>Photopic</td>
          </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign=top>Green-UV<br>
			520nm - 405nm - 349nm<br>&nbsp;            <!-- : 1.1635905943118 - 0.67790122579334 -->
            </td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #b9ff00;">SG receptor</td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #3d00ff;">UV receptor</td>
            <td>Photopic</td>
          </tr>
        </table>
</div>
</div>


<div id="receptors">
<div class="tab">
  <button class="tablinks active" onclick="openTab(event, 'ops')">Photoreceptor Curves</button>
  <button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'opp')">Opponency Curves</button>
  <button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'dsc')">Wavelength Discrimination</button>
  <button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'cie')">Chromaticity Diagram</button>
  <button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'script')">Script Commands</button>
</div>

<div id="ops" class="tabcontent">
	<p id="pw1">Please wait...</p> 
	<img src="img/opsinimg.php?species_id=240" onload="window.setTimeout(function(){$('#pw1').hide();},53);">
</div>

<div id="opp" class="tabcontent">
	<p id="pw2">Please wait...</p> 
  <script>
  var oppimurl = 'img/opponimg.php?species_id=240';
  </script>
</div>

<div id="dsc" class="tabcontent">
	<p id="pw3">Please wait...</p> 
  <script>
  var dscimurl = 'img/discriminimg.php?species_id=240';
  </script>
</div>

<div id="cie" class="tabcontent">
	<p id="pw4">Please wait...</p> 
  <!-- p>WARNING: Beta.</p -->
  <script>
  var cieimurl = 'img/chromatimg.php?species_id=240';
  var modes = [			0, 			  ];
  var modenm = [		'Photopic', 			  ];
  openTab(false, 'ops');
  </script>
</div>

<div id="script" class="tabcontent">
<textarea style="width: 1050px; height: 400px;">
106404	t14	TSPLIT		Receptor,Green receptor,UV receptor
106405	t14	OPSIN		UV receptor,370
106410	t14	DSCOPP		643,UV receptor
106406	t15	VSPLIT		UV receptor,Blue,UV
106407	t15	OPSIN		Blue,440
106408	t15	OPSIN		UV,350
106409	t15	OPSIN		Green receptor,530
106759	t15	RCPNAME		Green receptor,Green
1335400	t15	NAMEOPP		106406,Yellow-Blue
1335401	t15	NAMEOPP		106404,Green-UV
1351539	t15	ACUITY		2
1351567	t180	ACUITY		2.2
1335041	t162	RCPNAME		Green,G receptor
1335042	t162	RCPNAME		Blue,B receptor
1335043	t162	RCPNAME		UV,UV receptor
1335044	t162	VSPLIT		G receptor,R receptor
1335045	t162	VSPLIT		G receptor,DG receptor,SG receptor
1335046	t162	VSPLIT		B receptor,NB receptor
1335047	t162	VSPLIT		B receptor,BB receptor,WB receptor
1335048	t162	VSPLIT		UV receptor,V receptor
1335148	t162	SCRPIGR		R receptor,450,500,0,3
1335149	t162	SCRPIGR		SG receptor,NB receptor,V receptor,BB receptor,340,390,0,5
1335150	t162	DELOPP		1335044Luminance2
1335151	t162	NAMEOPP		1335045Luminance2,Luminance
1335152	t162	DISCOPP		Luminance,SG receptor
1335153	t162	CONNOPP		1335045,+,D G receptor,BB receptor
1335154	t162	CONNOPP		1335047,-,DG receptor
1335155	t162	DSCOPP		1335047,BB receptor
1335156	t162	NAMEOPP		1335047,R-DG
1335157	t162	CONNOPP		1335044,+,DG receptor
1335158	t162	CONNOPP		1335044,-,NB receptor
1335159	t162	DELOPP		1335046
1335160	t162	DELOPP		1335044,1335047,1335045,1335048
1335161	t162	CRE8OPP		Luminance,+DG receptor,+BB receptor
1335162	t162	CRE8OPP		R-DG,+R receptor,-DG receptor
1335163	t162	CRE8OPP		R+DG-NB+WB,+R receptor,+DG receptor,-NB receptor,-WB receptor
1335164	t162	CRE8OPP		RDG-UV,+R receptor,+DG receptor,+SG receptor,+BB receptor,-V receptor,-UV receptor
1335165	t162	SCRPIG+		R receptor,540,570,60,.4
1401	s240	OPSIN		R receptor,560
1402	s240	OPSIN		DG receptor,520|360:.1
1403	s240	OPSIN		SG receptor,520
1404	s240	OPSIN		NB receptor,460
1405	s240	OPSIN		BB receptor,460|520:.6|560:.6
1406	s240	OPSIN		WB receptor,460|360:.25
1407	s240	SCRPIGR		R receptor,?,546
1408	s240	SCRPIGR		V receptor,?,366
1351636	s240	ACUITY		2.2
</textarea>
</div>

</div>


<div id="links">
<a href="color.php?sp=240">View color of something</a>
| <a href="image_process.php">Process image</a>
| <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Papilio machaon&tbm=isch&tbs=sur:fmc" target="_gizoogle">Image Search</a>
</div>

<div class="clear">
&nbsp;
</div>

<div class="cites">
<h3>Notes and References:</h3>
Koshitaka, H., Kinoshita, M., Vorobyev, M., Arikawa, K. (2008)
Tetrachromacy in a butterfly that has eight varieties of spectral receptors.
<i>Proc. R. Soc. B</i> (2008) 275, 947-954 <br><br>Land M.F. (1997)
Visual Acuity in Insects.
<i>Annu. Rev. Entomol.</i> 42:147-177 <br><br>Warrant E.J., Nilsson D.-E. (1998) Absorption of White Light in Photoreceptors. <i>Vision Res.</i>, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 195-207. PII: S0042-6989(97)00151-X <br><br>Stavenga D., Smits R.P., Hoenders B.J. (1993) Simple Exponential Functions Describing the Absorbance Bands of Visual Pigment Spectra. <i>Vision Res.</i> 33(8) pp. 1011-1017. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(93)90237-Q " target="_cite">doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90237-Q </a><br><br> <br><br>
<em>Note: Many species may have gaps in available data, which may be filled in with extrapolations from closely related species.
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