AVIAN

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10001	t1	VSPLIT		Receptor,Rod,Cone
10002	t1	RCPMODE		Rod,1
10003	t1	TSPLIT		Cone,LWS cone,SWS cone
10004	t1	OPSIN		LWS cone,530
10005	t1	TSPLIT		SWS cone,MWS cone,SWS1 cone
10006	t1	OPSIN		SWS1 cone,380
10008	t1	TSPLIT		MWS cone,Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone
10009	t1	OPSIN		SWS2 cone,440
106382	t1	DSCOPP		643,SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,Rod
106383	t1	DISCOPP		10003,Rh2 cone
106384	t1	CONNOPP		10003,+,Rh2 cone
106385	t1	DSCOPP		10005,Rh2 cone
106386	t1	CONNOPP		10008,+,LWS cone
106387	t1	DSCOPP		10008,SWS2 cone
106388	t1	DISCOPP		10008,Rh2 cone
106389	t1	CONNOPP		10008,-,Rh2 cone
106412	t1	NAMEOPP		643,Luminance (photopic)
106413	t1	NAMEOPP		10001,Luminance (scotopic)
106416	t1	DELOPP		106390
106418	t1	CONNdhgOPP	10003,+,LWS cone
106438	t1	NAMEOPP		10003,Yellow-Blue
106439	t1	NAMEOPP		10005,Blue-UV
106440	t1	NAMEOPP		10008,Red-Green
1335409	t1	RCPACU		Cone,2
1335410	t1	RCPACU		Rod,.5
10007	t478	RCPNAME		Rod-like,Rod
106626	t478	GRADLVL		50
1335402	t478	RCPACU		LWS cone,Rh2 cone,5
1335403	t478	RCPACU		SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,1
1361559	t478	RCPACU		Rod,2
1561559	t478	RCPACU		Rod,2
106390	t159	VSPLIT		LWS cone,LWS cone,Double cone
106391	t159	SCRPIG		Double cone,408,445,150,2
106392	t159	DSCOPP		643,LWS cone,Rh2 cone
106393	t159	DSCOPP		10003,Double cone
106394	t159	DSCOPP		10008,Double cone
106630	t159	DISCOPP		10003,SWS1 cone
106673	t159	DELOPP		Luminance (photopic)2
106684	t159	DELOPP		106390Luminance (photopic)2
106685	t159	CONNOPP		10003,+,LWS cone
106373	t402	OPSIN		LWS cone,Double cone,565
106374	t402	PORPH		Double cone,LWS cone,Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,Rod,0
106375	t402	SCRPIG		LWS cone,530,600,270,5
106376	t402	OPSIN		Rh2 cone,505
106377	t402	OPSIN		SWS2 cone,440
106378	t402	OPSIN		SWS1 cone,360
106379	t402	SCRPIG		Rh2 cone,475,535,200,3
106380	t402	SCRPIG		SWS2 cone,408,440,100,1
106381	t402	NOSCRPIG	SWS1 cone
106687	t5	DSCOPP		10003,SWS1 cone
106688	t5	DELOPP		106390Yellow-Blue2
106689	t5	RCPNAME		LWS cone,Red cone
106690	t5	RCPNAME		Rh2 cone,Green cone
106691	t5	RCPNAME		SWS2 cone,Blue cone
106692	t5	RCPNAME		SWS1 cone,Vio/UV cone
106728	t5	NAMEOPP		106390,Red-Green
106753	t5	COLOPP		10003,ff0,00f
106754	t5	COLOPP		10005,0ff,f0f
106755	t5	COLOPP		106390,f00,0f0
1351560	t419	ACUITY		8
106724	t19	SCRPIG		Red cone,530,600,0,25
106725	t19	SCRPIG		Green cone,475,535,0,15
106726	t19	SCRPIG		Blue cone,408,440,150,3
106727	t19	SCRPIG		Double cone,408,445,160,5
1351546	t19	ACUITY		6
1351559	t20	ACUITY		8
106731	t55	RCPNAME		Double cone,Predominant cone
106732	t55	SCRPIGR		Predominant cone,405,430
106733	t55	RCPNAME		Red cone,Yellow cone
106734	t55	SCRPIGR		Yellow cone,490,521
106735	t55	OPSIN		Green cone,0
106736	t55	OPSIN		Predominant cone,Yellow cone,543
106737	t55	OPSIN		Blue cone,450
106738	t55	SCRPIGR		405,430
106739	t55	RCPNAME		Vio/UV cone,Violet cone
106740	t55	OPSIN		Violet cone,403
207	s67	OPSIN		Predominant cone,543
208	s67	OPSIN		Yellow cone,543
209	s67	OPSIN		Blue cone,450
210	s67	OPSIN		Violet1 cone,403
211	s67	OPSIN		Violet2 cone,403
212	s67	OPSIN		Rod,504
213	s67	SCRPIGR		Yellow cone,490,521
214	s67	SCRPIGR		Violet2 cone,?,0
215	s67	SCRPIGR		Rod,?,0
106741	s67	OPSIN		Rod,504
106742	s67	TSPLIT		Violet cone,Violet1 cone,Violet2 cone
106743	s67	SCRPIGR		Violet1 cone,405,430,0,2
15652822	s67	COLOPP		10003,f60,0f9
15652823	s67	COLOPP		10005,cf0,60f
15652824	s67	COLOPP		106742,09f,f09

Notes and References:

Bowmaker J.K., Martin G.R. (1984) Visual pigments and oil droplets in the penguin, Spheniscus humboldti. J Comp Physiol A (1985) 156:71-77

Hart, N. S. (2001) The Visual Ecology of Avian Photoreceptors. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 675 to 703, 2001

Warrant E.J., Nilsson D.-E. (1998) Absorption of White Light in Photoreceptors. Vision Res., Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 195-207. PII: S0042-6989(97)00151-X

Stavenga D., Smits R.P., Hoenders B.J. (1993) Simple Exponential Functions Describing the Absorbance Bands of Visual Pigment Spectra. Vision Res. 33(8) pp. 1011-1017. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90237-Q

Note: Many species may have gaps in available data, which may be filled in with extrapolations from closely related species. The AVIAN website is copyright © 2011-2024 J. Gagnon. All rights reserved unless otherwise specified.

Receptor	Opsin λmax	Filter λmax	Filter λ50%	Recep. λmax
Yellow cone	543nm	490nm	521nm	547nm
Predominant cone	543nm	405nm	430nm	543nm
Rod	504nm			504nm
Blue cone	450nm	408nm	440nm	462nm
Violet1 cone	403nm	405nm	430nm	437nm
Violet2 cone	403nm			403nm

Description	(+) Terminus	(-) Terminus	Mode
Luminance (photopic)	Predominant cone		Photopic
Luminance (scotopic)	Rod		Scotopic
Green-Blue 549nm - 518nm - 462nm	Yellow cone	Blue cone	Photopic
Aqua-UV 472nm - 447nm - 430nm	Blue cone	Violet2 cone Violet1 cone	Photopic
Violet1 cone - Violet2 cone 439nm - 422nm - 403nm	Violet1 cone	Violet2 cone	Photopic

Animal Vision Interactive Analyzer

Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti)

Notes and References: