Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

Containing taxa: Animalia » Chordata » Osteichthyes » Sarcopterygii » Tetrapoda » Diapsida » Archosauria » Aves » Galloanserae » Anseriformes

Photoreceptors:
Receptor Opsin λmax Filter λmax Filter λ50% Recep. λmax
Red cone567nm561nm588nm601nm
Double cone567nm408nm475nm567nm
Green cone502nm506nm524nm534nm
Rod505nm505nm
Blue cone452nm445nm462nm474nm
Vio/UV cone415nm415nm


Opponent processes:
Description (+) Terminus (-) Terminus Mode
Luminance (photopic)
Double cone   Photopic
Luminance (scotopic)
Rod   Scotopic
Orange-Green
602nm - 584nm - 534nm
 
Red cone Green cone Photopic
Green-Aqua
536nm - 522nm - 474nm
 
Green cone
Red cone
Blue cone Photopic
Blue-UV
476nm - 458nm - 415nm
 
Blue cone Vio/UV cone Photopic

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Notes and References:

Hart, N. S. (2001) The Visual Ecology of Avian Photoreceptors. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 675-703, 2001

Osorio D., Vorobyev M., Jones C.D. (1999) COLOUR VISION OF DOMESTIC CHICKS. Journal of Experimental Biology 202, 2951-2959

Lind O., Mitkus M., Olsson P., Kelber A. (2013) Ultraviolet vision in birds: the importance of transparent eye media. Proc. R. Soc. B 281: 2013-2209. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2209

Hart N.S. and Hunt D.M. The American Naturalist Vol. 169, No. S1, AVIAN COLORATION AND COLOR VISIONA Special Issue Edited by Andrew T. D. Bennett and Marc Théry (January 2007), pp. S7-S26 doi:10.1086/510141

Warrant E.J., Nilsson D.-E. (1998) Absorption of White Light in Photoreceptors. Vision Res., Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 195-207. PII: S0042-6989(97)00151-X

Stavenga D., Smits R.P., Hoenders B.J. (1993) Simple Exponential Functions Describing the Absorbance Bands of Visual Pigment Spectra. Vision Res. 33(8) pp. 1011-1017. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90237-Q



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