<!-- VSPLIT cloning Luminance... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +Cone from Luminance2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- Connecting +Rh2 cone to LWS cone - SWS cone -->
<!-- Connecting +LWS cone to Rh2 cone - SWS2 cone -->
<!-- Connecting -Rh2 cone to Rh2 cone - SWS2 cone -->
<!-- UNKNOWN OPCODE CONNDHGOPP in `finetune` -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Luminance (photopic)... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +LWS cone from Luminance (photopic)2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Yellow-Blue... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +LWS cone from Yellow-Blue2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Red-Green... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +LWS cone from Red-Green2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Luminance (photopic)... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +Rh2 cone from Luminance (photopic)2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Yellow-Blue... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +Rh2 cone from Yellow-Blue2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Red-Green... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -Rh2 cone from Red-Green2 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Luminance (photopic)2... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +Rh2 cone from Luminance (photopic)22 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Yellow-Blue2... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting +Rh2 cone from Yellow-Blue22 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- VSPLIT cloning Red-Green2... -->
<!-- VSPLIT omitting -Rh2 cone from Red-Green22 and adding new recep instead. -->
<!-- DELOPP Luminance (photopic)2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Yellow-Blue2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Red-Green2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Luminance (photopic)2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Yellow-Blue2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Red-Green2 -->
<!-- DELOPP Luminance (photopic)22 -->
<!-- DELOPP Yellow-Blue22 -->
<!-- DELOPP Red-Green22 -->
<!-- Connecting +Double cone LWS to Yellow-Blue -->
<!-- Connecting +Double cone MWS to Yellow-Blue -->
<!-- Connecting +Double cone LWS to Luminance (photopic) -->
<!-- Connecting +Double cone MWS to Luminance (photopic) -->
<!-- SWS1 cone acuity times 1.0227272727273 is now 45. -->
<!-- Rod acuity times 1.0227272727273 is now 22.5. -->
<!-- SWS2 cone acuity times 1.0227272727273 is now 45. -->
<!-- Double cone LWS acuity times 1.0227272727273 is now 9. -->
<!-- Double cone MWS acuity times 1.0227272727273 is now 9. -->
<!-- Luminance (photopic) (643) has +Double cone LWS -->
<!-- oppoacup 9 from Double cone LWS -->
<!-- Luminance (photopic) (643) has +Double cone MWS -->
<!-- Luminance (photopic): Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- Luminance (photopic) mode = 0 -->
<!-- Luminance (photopic) acuity is 9 based on +9, -0 -->
<!-- Luminance (scotopic) (10001) has +Rod -->
<!-- oppoacup 22.5 from Rod -->
<!-- Luminance (scotopic): Array
(
    [0] => 1
)
 -->
<!-- Luminance (scotopic) mode = 1 -->
<!-- Luminance (scotopic) acuity is 22.5 based on +22.5, -0 -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue (10003) has +Double cone LWS -->
<!-- oppoacup 9 from Double cone LWS -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue (10003) has +Double cone MWS -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue (10003) has -SWS1 cone -->
<!-- oppoacum 45 from SWS1 cone -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue (10003) has -SWS2 cone -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue: Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue mode = 0 -->
<!-- Yellow-Blue acuity is 45 based on +9, -45 -->
<!-- Blue-UV (10005) has +SWS2 cone -->
<!-- oppoacup 45 from SWS2 cone -->
<!-- Blue-UV (10005) has -SWS1 cone -->
<!-- oppoacum 45 from SWS1 cone -->
<!-- Blue-UV: Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- Blue-UV mode = 0 -->
<!-- Blue-UV acuity is 45 based on +45, -45 -->
<!-- deleted Red-Green no plusreceps -->
<!-- Red-Green (double cones) (106462) has +Double cone LWS -->
<!-- oppoacup 9 from Double cone LWS -->
<!-- Red-Green (double cones) (106462) has -Double cone MWS -->
<!-- oppoacum 9 from Double cone MWS -->
<!-- Red-Green (double cones): Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- Red-Green (double cones) mode = 0 -->
<!-- Red-Green (double cones) acuity is 9 based on +9, -9 -->
<!-- Double-Single cones (106468) has +Double cone LWS -->
<!-- oppoacup 9 from Double cone LWS -->
<!-- Double-Single cones (106468) has +Double cone MWS -->
<!-- Double-Single cones: Array
(
    [0] => 0
)
 -->
<!-- Double-Single cones mode = 0 -->
<!-- Double-Single cones acuity is 9 based on +9, -0 -->
<!-- Opp Luminance (photopic) pl/ml ranges: 542, 0 -->
<!-- Opp Luminance (scotopic) pl/ml ranges: 479, 0 -->
<!-- Opp Yellow-Blue pl/ml ranges: 602, 399 -->
<!-- Opp Blue-UV pl/ml ranges: 481, 378 -->
<!-- Opp Red-Green (double cones) pl/ml ranges: 686, 508 -->
<!-- unset Double-Single cones: no minusrecep and not luminance -->
<!-- yellow at 584 nm. -->
<!-- blue at 429 nm. -->
<!-- blue at 481 nm. -->
<!-- uv at 378 nm. -->
<!-- red at 686 nm. -->
<!-- green at 508 nm. -->
<!-- Photopic: 0 [, Yellow-UV, Red-Green (double cones), Aqua-UV, ] -->
<!-- Scotopic: 1 [, ] -->
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<span id="opfisehciet"><br><br>&nbsp;</span>

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<!-- Luminance (photopic): plmax 578(542); zero 0; mlmax 0(0) -->
<!-- Luminance (scotopic): plmax 500(479); zero 0; mlmax 0(0) -->
<!-- Red-Green (double cones): plmax 637(686); zero 583; mlmax 505(508) -->
<!-- Yellow-UV: plmax 580(584); zero 483; mlmax 396(429) -->
<!-- Aqua-UV: plmax 471(481); zero 428; mlmax 388(378) -->
<div id="specieshdr">
<h3>Common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>)</h3>

<p><!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '130' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '443' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '127' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '442' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '2' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '478' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '1' -->
<!-- SELECT `name`, `parent_id` pi FROM `taxon` WHERE `taxon_id` = '0' -->
Containing taxa: <a href="index.php?node=0">Animalia</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=1">Chordata</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=478">Osteichthyes</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=2">Actinopterygii</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=442">Neopterygii</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=127">Teleostei</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=443">Otocephala</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=130">Ostariophysi</a> &raquo; <a href="index.php?node=155">Cypriniformes</a></p>


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<div id="opsinopp">
<div id="opsins">
Photoreceptors:
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="503">
    <tr class="tblheader">
        <td width=40%>Receptor</td>
        <td width=20%>Opsin&nbsp;&lambda;max</td>
        <td width=20%>Filter&nbsp;&lambda;max</td>
        <td width=20%>Filter&nbsp;&lambda;50%</td>
        <td width=20%>Recep.&nbsp;&lambda;max</td>
    </tr>
<tr><td nowrap>Double cone LWS</td><td>600nm</td><td>415,554,523nm</td><td>440,575,555nm</td><td>603nm</td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap>Double cone MWS</td><td>532nm</td><td>415,554,523nm</td><td>440,575,555nm</td><td>522nm</td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap>Rod</td><td>500nm</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>500nm</td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap>SWS2 cone</td><td>458nm</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>458nm</td></tr>
<tr><td nowrap>SWS1 cone</td><td>377nm</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>392nm</td></tr>
</table>

<!-- acria dau -->
</div>

<br><br>

<div id="opponents">
Opponent processes:
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="503">
    <tr class="tblheader">
        <td width=40%>Description</td>
        <td width=25%>(+) Terminus</td>
        <td width=25%>(-) Terminus</td>
        <td width=10%>Mode</td>
    </tr>
<tr>
            <td valign=top>Luminance (photopic)<br>
			            <!-- : 1.9930604804071 - 1 -->
            </td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #ffffff;">Double cone LWS<br>Double cone MWS</td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #000000;">&nbsp;</td>
            <td>Photopic</td>
          </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign=top>Luminance (scotopic)<br>
			            <!-- : 1.4997035415464 - 1 -->
            </td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #ffffff;">Rod</td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #000000;">&nbsp;</td>
            <td>Scotopic</td>
          </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign=top>Red-Green (double cones)<br>
			637nm - 583nm - 505nm<br>&nbsp;            <!-- : 2.9889373397541 - 2.9058282717029 -->
            </td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #ff0042;">Double cone LWS</td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #00ffa9;">Double cone MWS</td>
            <td>Photopic</td>
          </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign=top>Yellow-UV<br>
			580nm - 483nm - 396nm<br>&nbsp;            <!-- : 2.0313451073289 - 1.3377107923728 -->
            </td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #f6ff00;">Double cone LWS<br>Double cone MWS</td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #0011ff;">SWS1 cone<br>SWS2 cone</td>
            <td>Photopic</td>
          </tr>
        <tr>
            <td valign=top>Aqua-UV<br>
			471nm - 428nm - 388nm<br>&nbsp;            <!-- : 1.3685801838391 - 0.98540074771017 -->
            </td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #00fe55;">SWS2 cone</td>
            <td valign=top style="background-color: #111; color: #fe00df;">SWS1 cone</td>
            <td>Photopic</td>
          </tr>
        </table>
</div>
</div>


<div id="receptors">
<div class="tab">
  <button class="tablinks active" onclick="openTab(event, 'ops')">Photoreceptor Curves</button>
  <button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'opp')">Opponency Curves</button>
  <button class="tablinks" onclick="openTab(event, 'dsc')">Wavelength Discrimination</button>
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<div id="ops" class="tabcontent">
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  var modes = [			0, 			  ];
  var modenm = [		'Photopic', 			  ];
  openTab(false, 'ops');
  </script>
</div>

<div id="script" class="tabcontent">
<textarea style="width: 1050px; height: 400px;">
10001	t1	VSPLIT		Receptor,Rod,Cone
10002	t1	RCPMODE		Rod,1
10003	t1	TSPLIT		Cone,LWS cone,SWS cone
10004	t1	OPSIN		LWS cone,530
10005	t1	TSPLIT		SWS cone,MWS cone,SWS1 cone
10006	t1	OPSIN		SWS1 cone,380
10008	t1	TSPLIT		MWS cone,Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone
10009	t1	OPSIN		SWS2 cone,440
106382	t1	DSCOPP		643,SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,Rod
106383	t1	DISCOPP		10003,Rh2 cone
106384	t1	CONNOPP		10003,+,Rh2 cone
106385	t1	DSCOPP		10005,Rh2 cone
106386	t1	CONNOPP		10008,+,LWS cone
106387	t1	DSCOPP		10008,SWS2 cone
106388	t1	DISCOPP		10008,Rh2 cone
106389	t1	CONNOPP		10008,-,Rh2 cone
106412	t1	NAMEOPP		643,Luminance (photopic)
106413	t1	NAMEOPP		10001,Luminance (scotopic)
106416	t1	DELOPP		106390
106418	t1	CONNdhgOPP	10003,+,LWS cone
106438	t1	NAMEOPP		10003,Yellow-Blue
106439	t1	NAMEOPP		10005,Blue-UV
106440	t1	NAMEOPP		10008,Red-Green
1335409	t1	RCPACU		Cone,2
1335410	t1	RCPACU		Rod,.5
10007	t478	RCPNAME		Rod-like,Rod
106626	t478	GRADLVL		50
1335402	t478	RCPACU		LWS cone,Rh2 cone,5
1335403	t478	RCPACU		SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,1
1361559	t478	RCPACU		Rod,2
1561559	t478	RCPACU		Rod,2
10109	t2	OPSIN		LWS cone,620
10110	t2	PORPH		LWS cone,Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,Rod,1
10114	t2	OPSIN		Rh2 cone,525
106435	t2	RCPNAME		LWS cone,Double cone LWS
106436	t2	RCPNAME		Rh2 cone,Double cone MWS
106437	t2	OPSIN		Double cone,0
106449	t127	VSPLIT		Double cone LWS,Double cone LWS,LWS cone
106453	t127	VSPLIT		Double cone MWS,Double cone MWS,Rh2 cone
106454	t127	DELOPP		106449,106453
106461	t127	CONNOPP		10003,+,Double cone LWS,Double cone MWS
106462	t127	CRE8OPP		Red-Green (double cones),+Double cone LWS,-Double cone MWS
106468	t127	CRE8OPP		Double-Single cones,+Double cone LWS,+Double cone MWS,-LWS cone,-Rh2 cone
106514	t127	CONNOPP		643,+,Double cone LWS,Double cone MWS
1351575	t443	ACUITY		1
106473	t130	RCPDENS		Double cone LWS,LWS cone,Double cone MWS,Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,Rod,1.1
1351566	t130	ACUITY		2
10111	t155	SCRPIG		Double cone LWS,415,440,0,0.3
10112	t155	SCRPIG+		Double cone LWS,554,575,70,0.05
10113	t155	SCRPIG+		Double cone LWS,523,555,70,0.05
10115	t155	SCRPIG		Double cone MWS,415,440,0,0.6
10116	t155	SCRPIG+		Double cone MWS,554,575,70,0.1
10117	t155	SCRPIG+		Double cone MWS,523,555,70,0.1
3714	s645	OPSIN		Double cone LWS,600
3715	s645	OPSIN		Double cone MWS,532
3716	s645	OPSIN		LWS cone,0
3717	s645	OPSIN		Rh2 cone,0
3718	s645	OPSIN		SWS2 cone,458
3719	s645	OPSIN		SWS1 cone,377
</textarea>
</div>

</div>


<div id="links">
<a href="color.php?sp=645">View color of something</a>
| <a href="image_process.php">Process image</a>
| <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Cyprinus carpio&tbm=isch&tbs=sur:fmc" target="_gizoogle">Image Search</a>
</div>

<div class="clear">
&nbsp;
</div>

<div class="cites">
<h3>Notes and References:</h3>
Hawryshyn C.W., H&aacute;rosi F.I. (1991)
Ultraviolet Photoreception in Carp: Microspectrophotometry and Behaviorally Determined Action Spectra.
<i>Vis. Res. Vol. 31(3): 567-576. <br><br>De Aguiar M.J.L., Ventura D.F., Filho M.D.S., De Souza J.M., Maciel R., Lee B.B. 
Response of carp (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>) horizontal cells
to heterochromatic flicker photometry.
<i>Visual Neuroscience</i> (2006), 23, 437–440. <a href="https://doi.org/10.10170S0952523806233273 " target="_cite">doi:10.10170S0952523806233273 </a><br><br>Warrant E.J., Nilsson D.-E. (1998) Absorption of White Light in Photoreceptors. <i>Vision Res.</i>, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 195-207. PII: S0042-6989(97)00151-X <br><br>Stavenga D., Smits R.P., Hoenders B.J. (1993) Simple Exponential Functions Describing the Absorbance Bands of Visual Pigment Spectra. <i>Vision Res.</i> 33(8) pp. 1011-1017. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(93)90237-Q " target="_cite">doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90237-Q </a><br><br> <br><br>
<em>Note: Many species may have gaps in available data, which may be filled in with extrapolations from closely related species.
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