AVIAN

Photoreceptors:

Receptor	Opsin λmax	Filter λmax	Filter λ50%	Recep. λmax
Red cone	562nm	570nm	585nm	595nm
Double cone	562nm	460nm	490nm	562nm
Green cone	502nm	510nm	525nm	535nm
Rod	502nm			502nm
Blue cone	453nm	400nm	425nm	456nm
Vio/UV cone	367nm			374nm

Opponent processes:

Description	(+) Terminus	(-) Terminus	Mode
Luminance (photopic)	Double cone		Photopic
Luminance (scotopic)	Rod		Scotopic
Red-Green 596nm - 583nm - 535nm	Red cone	Green cone	Photopic
Orange-Blue 595nm - 522nm - 456nm	Green cone Red cone	Blue cone	Photopic
Blue-UV 456nm - 421nm - 374nm	Blue cone	Vio/UV cone	Photopic

Please wait...

10001	t1	VSPLIT		Receptor,Rod,Cone
10002	t1	RCPMODE		Rod,1
10003	t1	TSPLIT		Cone,LWS cone,SWS cone
10004	t1	OPSIN		LWS cone,530
10005	t1	TSPLIT		SWS cone,MWS cone,SWS1 cone
10006	t1	OPSIN		SWS1 cone,380
10008	t1	TSPLIT		MWS cone,Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone
10009	t1	OPSIN		SWS2 cone,440
106382	t1	DSCOPP		643,SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,Rod
106383	t1	DISCOPP		10003,Rh2 cone
106384	t1	CONNOPP		10003,+,Rh2 cone
106385	t1	DSCOPP		10005,Rh2 cone
106386	t1	CONNOPP		10008,+,LWS cone
106387	t1	DSCOPP		10008,SWS2 cone
106388	t1	DISCOPP		10008,Rh2 cone
106389	t1	CONNOPP		10008,-,Rh2 cone
106412	t1	NAMEOPP		643,Luminance (photopic)
106413	t1	NAMEOPP		10001,Luminance (scotopic)
106416	t1	DELOPP		106390
106418	t1	CONNdhgOPP	10003,+,LWS cone
106438	t1	NAMEOPP		10003,Yellow-Blue
106439	t1	NAMEOPP		10005,Blue-UV
106440	t1	NAMEOPP		10008,Red-Green
1335409	t1	RCPACU		Cone,2
1335410	t1	RCPACU		Rod,.5
10007	t478	RCPNAME		Rod-like,Rod
106626	t478	GRADLVL		50
1335402	t478	RCPACU		LWS cone,Rh2 cone,5
1335403	t478	RCPACU		SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,1
1361559	t478	RCPACU		Rod,2
1561559	t478	RCPACU		Rod,2
106390	t159	VSPLIT		LWS cone,LWS cone,Double cone
106391	t159	SCRPIG		Double cone,408,445,150,2
106392	t159	DSCOPP		643,LWS cone,Rh2 cone
106393	t159	DSCOPP		10003,Double cone
106394	t159	DSCOPP		10008,Double cone
106630	t159	DISCOPP		10003,SWS1 cone
106673	t159	DELOPP		Luminance (photopic)2
106684	t159	DELOPP		106390Luminance (photopic)2
106685	t159	CONNOPP		10003,+,LWS cone
106373	t402	OPSIN		LWS cone,Double cone,565
106374	t402	PORPH		Double cone,LWS cone,Rh2 cone,SWS2 cone,SWS1 cone,Rod,0
106375	t402	SCRPIG		LWS cone,530,600,270,5
106376	t402	OPSIN		Rh2 cone,505
106377	t402	OPSIN		SWS2 cone,440
106378	t402	OPSIN		SWS1 cone,360
106379	t402	SCRPIG		Rh2 cone,475,535,200,3
106380	t402	SCRPIG		SWS2 cone,408,440,100,1
106381	t402	NOSCRPIG	SWS1 cone
106687	t5	DSCOPP		10003,SWS1 cone
106688	t5	DELOPP		106390Yellow-Blue2
106689	t5	RCPNAME		LWS cone,Red cone
106690	t5	RCPNAME		Rh2 cone,Green cone
106691	t5	RCPNAME		SWS2 cone,Blue cone
106692	t5	RCPNAME		SWS1 cone,Vio/UV cone
106728	t5	NAMEOPP		106390,Red-Green
106753	t5	COLOPP		10003,ff0,00f
106754	t5	COLOPP		10005,0ff,f0f
106755	t5	COLOPP		106390,f00,0f0
1351560	t419	ACUITY		8
106724	t19	SCRPIG		Red cone,530,600,0,25
106725	t19	SCRPIG		Green cone,475,535,0,15
106726	t19	SCRPIG		Blue cone,408,440,150,3
106727	t19	SCRPIG		Double cone,408,445,160,5
1351546	t19	ACUITY		6
1351556	t22	ACUITY		20
2848	s529	OPSIN		Rod,502
2849	s529	OPSIN		Double cone,562
2850	s529	OPSIN		Red cone,562
2851	s529	OPSIN		Green cone,502
2852	s529	OPSIN		Blue cone,453
2853	s529	OPSIN		Vio/UV cone,367
2854	s529	SCRPIGR		Double cone,460,490
2855	s529	SCRPIGR		Red cone,570,585
2856	s529	SCRPIGR		Green cone,510,525
2857	s529	SCRPIGR		Blue cone,400,425

Notes and References:

Hart N.S., Mountford J.K., Davies W.I.L., Collin S.P., Hunt D.M. (2016) Visual pigments in a palaeognath bird, the emu Dromaius novaehollandiae: implications for spectral sensitivity and the origin of ultraviolet vision. Proc. R. Soc. B 283: 20161063. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1063

Warrant E.J., Nilsson D.-E. (1998) Absorption of White Light in Photoreceptors. Vision Res., Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 195-207. PII: S0042-6989(97)00151-X

Stavenga D., Smits R.P., Hoenders B.J. (1993) Simple Exponential Functions Describing the Absorbance Bands of Visual Pigment Spectra. Vision Res. 33(8) pp. 1011-1017. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90237-Q

Note: Many species may have gaps in available data, which may be filled in with extrapolations from closely related species. The AVIAN website is copyright © 2011-2024 J. Gagnon. All rights reserved unless otherwise specified.

Animal Vision Interactive Analyzer

Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Notes and References: