Little brown bat (Myotis velifer)

Containing taxa: Animalia » Chordata » Osteichthyes » Sarcopterygii » Tetrapoda » Mammalia » Eutheria » Laurasiatheria » Chiroptera » Vespertilionidae

Photoreceptors:
Receptor Opsin λmax Filter λmax Filter λ50% Recep. λmax
Yellow cone558,358nm  558nm
Rod500nm  500nm
UV cone358nm  365nm


Opponent processes:
Description (+) Terminus (-) Terminus Mode
Luminance (photopic)
Yellow cone   Photopic
Luminance (scotopic)
Rod   Scotopic
Green-UV
558nm - 432nm - 364nm
 
Yellow cone UV cone
(Rod)
Photopic
Cones-Rods
594nm - 541nm - 480nm
 
Yellow cone Rod Mesopic

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Notes and References:

Müller, B., Glösmann, M., Peichl, L., Knop, G. C., Hagemann, C. Ammermüller, J. (2009) Bat Eyes Have Ultraviolet-Sensitive Cone Photoreceptors. PLoS ONE 4(7): e6390. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006390

Wang, D., Oakley, T., Mower, J., Shimmin, L. C., Yim, S., Honeycutt, R. L., Tsao, H., Li, W.-H. (2004) Molecular Evolution of Bat Color Vision Genes Mol. Biol. Evol. 21(2):295-302. 2004

Feller, K.D., Langerholm, R., Clubwala, R., Silver, M.T., Haughey, D., Ryan, J.M., Loew, E.R., Deutschlander, M.E., Kenyon, K.L. (2009) Characterization of photoreceptor cell types in the little brown bat Myotis lucifugus (Vespertilionidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 154(4), pp. 412-418

Pettigrew JD, Dreher B, Hopkins CS, McCall MJ, Brown M (1988) Peak Density and Distribution of Ganglion Cells in the Retinae of Microchiropteran Bats: Implications for Visual Acuity. Brain Behav. Evol. 32: 39-56

Kirk, E. C., & Kay, R. F. (2004). The evolution of high visual acuity in the Anthropoidea. In Anthropoid Origins (pp. 539-602). Springer US.

Warrant E.J., Nilsson D.-E. (1998) Absorption of White Light in Photoreceptors. Vision Res., Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 195-207. PII: S0042-6989(97)00151-X

Stavenga D., Smits R.P., Hoenders B.J. (1993) Simple Exponential Functions Describing the Absorbance Bands of Visual Pigment Spectra. Vision Res. 33(8) pp. 1011-1017. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90237-Q



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