Human (Homo sapiens)

Containing taxa: Animalia » Chordata » Osteichthyes » Sarcopterygii » Tetrapoda » Mammalia » Eutheria » Euarchontoglires » Primates » Catarrhini » Hominidae

Photoreceptors:
Receptor Opsin λmax Filter λmax Filter λ50% Recep. λmax
Red cone 454,450,480nm511,480,505nm572nm
Green cone534nm454,450,480nm511,480,505nm553nm
Rod496nm  518nm
Blue cone420nm  448nm


Opponent processes:
Description (+) Terminus (-) Terminus Mode
Luminance (photopic)
Green cone
Red cone
  Photopic
Luminance (scotopic)
Rod   Scotopic
Red-Green
620nm - 573nm - 525nm
 
Red cone Green cone Photopic
Yellοw-Blue
563nm - 504nm - 447nm
 
Green cone
Red cone
Blue cone
(Rod)
Photopic
Cones-Rods
593nm - 544nm - 493nm
 
Green cone
Red cone
Rod Mesopic

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Notes and References:

Yokoyama, S. & Radlwimmer, F. B. (1998) The "Five-Sites" Rule and the Evolution of Red and Green Color Vision in Mammals. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15(5):560-567. ISSN: 0737-4038

Pokorny, J. & Cao, D. (2010) ROD AND CONE CONTRIBUTIONS TO MESOPIC VISION. Proceedings of CIE 2010 "Lighting Quality and Energy Efficiency"

Sperling H.G. & Harwerth R.S. (1971) Red-Green Cone Interactions in the Increment-Threshold Spectral Sensitivity of Primates. Science, New Series, 172(3979) (Apr. 9, 1971), pp. 180-184

Smith V.C., Pokorny J. (1975) Spectral sensitivity of the foveal cone photopigments between 400 and 500 nm. Vision Research 15(2):161-171. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(75)90203-5

Pridmore R.W. (1991) Theory of primary colors and invariant hues. Color Research & Application 16(2) pp. 122-129

Dkhissi-Benyahya O., Rieux C., Hut R.A., Cooper H.M. (2006) Immunohistochemical Evidence of a Melanopsin Cone in Human Retina. IOVS, April 2006, Vol. 47, No. 4 1636-41

Bailes H. J., Lucas R. J. (2013) Human melanopsin forms a pigment maximally sensitive to blue light (λmax ≈ 479 nm) supporting activation of Gq/11 and Gi/o signalling cascades Proc R Soc B 280: 20122987. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2987

Lessios N. (2017) Using electroretinograms and multi-model inference to identify spectral classes of photoreceptors and relative opsin expression levels. PeerJ 5:e3595. doi:10.7717/peerj.3595

Luo X., Cideciyan A.V., Iannaccone A., Roman A.J., Ditta L.C., Jennings B.J., Yatsenko S.A., Sheplock R., Sumaroka A., Swider M., Schwartz S.B., Wissinger B., Kohl S., Jacobson S.G. (2015) Blue Cone Monochromacy: Visual Function and Efficacy Outcome Measures for Clinical Trials. PLOS ONE 10(4): e0125700. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125700

Ahnelt, P.K., Kolb, H. & Pflug, R. (1987). Identification of a subtype of cone photoreceptor, likely to be blue sensitive, in the human retina. Journal of Comparative Neurology 255, 18-34.

Hallett PE. Scotopic acuity and absolute threshold in brief flashes. The Journal of Physiology. 1962;163(1):175-189. PMCID:PMC1359696



Warrant E.J., Nilsson D.-E. (1998) Absorption of White Light in Photoreceptors. Vision Res., Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 195-207. PII: S0042-6989(97)00151-X

Stavenga D., Smits R.P., Hoenders B.J. (1993) Simple Exponential Functions Describing the Absorbance Bands of Visual Pigment Spectra. Vision Res. 33(8) pp. 1011-1017. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90237-Q



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